NAU publications by SHERC
Faculty & staff publications
NAU faculty and staff have the opportunity to publish their findings and knowledge as authors. SHERC has many researchers that have been cited multiple times in major publications for their great work. The Southwest Health Equity Research Collaborative has accumulated all faculty publications into one, easy to navigate database.
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Pro, George; Hubach, Randolph; Wheeler, Denna; Camplain, Ricky; Haberstroh, Shane; Giano, Zachary; Camplain, Carolyn; Baldwin, Julie A Differences in US COVID-19 case rates and case fatality rates across the urban-rural continuum Journal Article Rural Remote Health, 20 (3), 2020. @article{Pro2020b, title = {Differences in US COVID-19 case rates and case fatality rates across the urban-rural continuum}, author = {George Pro and Randolph Hubach and Denna Wheeler and Ricky Camplain and Shane Haberstroh and Zachary Giano and Carolyn Camplain and Julie A Baldwin}, url = {https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/6074}, doi = {10.22605/RRH6074}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-08-19}, journal = {Rural Remote Health}, volume = {20}, number = {3}, abstract = {The majority of COVID-19 public health and media messaging in the USA has focused on major outbreaks in densely populated urban areas, including New York City, New Orleans and Seattle. This attention is indeed warranted, as the number of deaths is an important indicator of outbreak severity and informs public health, medical and government responses. In addition to case rates and the number of deaths, the case fatality rate is another epidemiologic tool used in disease surveillance and is helpful in illuminating disparities between urban and rural populations. Case fatality rates account for the number of deaths (numerator) and the number of reported cases (denominator), allowing for direct comparisons of the mortality burden of a disease between areas where the reported case rates may differ.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The majority of COVID-19 public health and media messaging in the USA has focused on major outbreaks in densely populated urban areas, including New York City, New Orleans and Seattle. This attention is indeed warranted, as the number of deaths is an important indicator of outbreak severity and informs public health, medical and government responses. In addition to case rates and the number of deaths, the case fatality rate is another epidemiologic tool used in disease surveillance and is helpful in illuminating disparities between urban and rural populations. Case fatality rates account for the number of deaths (numerator) and the number of reported cases (denominator), allowing for direct comparisons of the mortality burden of a disease between areas where the reported case rates may differ. |
Edgeley, Catrin M; Burnett, Jack T Navigating the wildfire-pandemic interface: Public perceptions of COVID-19 and the 2020 wildfire season in Arizona Journal Article Fire, 3 (3), pp. 41, 2020. @article{Edgeley2020, title = {Navigating the wildfire-pandemic interface: Public perceptions of COVID-19 and the 2020 wildfire season in Arizona}, author = {Catrin M Edgeley and Jack T Burnett}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/3/3/41}, doi = {10.3390/fire3030041}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-08-09}, journal = {Fire}, volume = {3}, number = {3}, pages = {41}, abstract = {COVID-19 has complicated wildfire management and public safety for the 2020 fire season. It is unclear whether COVID-19 has impacted the ability of residents in the wildland-urban interface to prepare for and evacuate from wildfire, or the extent to which residents feel their household's safety has been affected. Several areas with high wildfire risk are also experiencing record numbers of COVID-19 cases, including the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. We conducted a mixed-mode survey of households in close proximity to two recent wildfires in rural Arizona to better understand whether residents living in the wildland-urban interface perceive COVID-19 as a factor in wildfire safety. Preliminary data suggest that the current challenges around collective action to address wildfire risk may be further exacerbated due to COVID-19, and that the current pandemic has potentially widened existing disparities in household capacity to conduct wildfire risk mitigation activities in the wildland-urban interface. Proactive planning for wildfire has also increased perceived ability to practice safe distancing from others during evacuation, highlighting the benefits that household planning for wildfire can have on other concurrent hazards. Parallels in both the wildfire and pandemic literature highlight vast opportunities for future research that can expand upon and advance our findings.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } COVID-19 has complicated wildfire management and public safety for the 2020 fire season. It is unclear whether COVID-19 has impacted the ability of residents in the wildland-urban interface to prepare for and evacuate from wildfire, or the extent to which residents feel their household's safety has been affected. Several areas with high wildfire risk are also experiencing record numbers of COVID-19 cases, including the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. We conducted a mixed-mode survey of households in close proximity to two recent wildfires in rural Arizona to better understand whether residents living in the wildland-urban interface perceive COVID-19 as a factor in wildfire safety. Preliminary data suggest that the current challenges around collective action to address wildfire risk may be further exacerbated due to COVID-19, and that the current pandemic has potentially widened existing disparities in household capacity to conduct wildfire risk mitigation activities in the wildland-urban interface. Proactive planning for wildfire has also increased perceived ability to practice safe distancing from others during evacuation, highlighting the benefits that household planning for wildfire can have on other concurrent hazards. Parallels in both the wildfire and pandemic literature highlight vast opportunities for future research that can expand upon and advance our findings. |
Ferdows, Nasim B; Aranda, María P; Baldwin, Julie A; Ferdows, Soroosh Baghban; Ahluwalia, Jasjit S; Kumar, Amit Assessment of Racial Disparities in Mortality Rates Among Older Adults Living in US Rural vs Urban Counties From 1968 to 2016 Journal Article JAMA Network Open, 3 (8), 2020. @article{Ferdows2020, title = {Assessment of Racial Disparities in Mortality Rates Among Older Adults Living in US Rural vs Urban Counties From 1968 to 2016}, author = {Nasim B Ferdows and María P Aranda and Julie A Baldwin and Soroosh Baghban Ferdows and Jasjit S Ahluwalia and Amit Kumar}, url = {https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2768943}, doi = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.12241}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-08-03}, journal = {JAMA Network Open}, volume = {3}, number = {8}, abstract = {Population-based mortality rates are important indicators of overall health status. Mortality rates may reflect underlying disparities in access to health care, quality of care, racial and geographical variations, and other socioeconomic factors associated with health. However, there is limited information on historical trends in mortality rates between older Black and White adults living in urban compared with rural communities.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Population-based mortality rates are important indicators of overall health status. Mortality rates may reflect underlying disparities in access to health care, quality of care, racial and geographical variations, and other socioeconomic factors associated with health. However, there is limited information on historical trends in mortality rates between older Black and White adults living in urban compared with rural communities. |
Williamson, Heather J; Chief, Carmenlita; Jiménez, Dulce; Begay, Andria; Milner, Trudie F; Sullivan, Shevaun; Torres, Emma; Remiker, Mark; Longorio, Alexandra Elvira Samarron; Sabo, Samantha; Teufel-Shone, Nicolette I Voices of Community Partners: Perspectives Gained from Conversations of Community-Based Participatory Research Experiences Journal Article International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020. @article{Williamson2020, title = {Voices of Community Partners: Perspectives Gained from Conversations of Community-Based Participatory Research Experiences}, author = {Heather J. Williamson and Carmenlita Chief and Dulce Jiménez and Andria Begay and Trudie F. Milner and Shevaun Sullivan and Emma Torres and Mark Remiker and Alexandra Elvira Samarron Longorio and Samantha Sabo and Nicolette I. Teufel-Shone}, url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/14/5245}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph17145245}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-07-21}, journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health}, abstract = {Community-based participatory research (CBPR) has been documented as an effective approach to research with underserved communities, particularly with racial and ethnic minority groups. However, much of the literature promoting the use of CBPR with underserved communities is written from the perspective of the researchers and not from the perspective of the community partner. The purpose of this article is to capture lessons learned from the community partners’insight gained through their experiences with CBPR. A multi-investigator consensus method was used to qualitatively code the transcripts of a CBPR story-telling video series. Seven major themes were identified: (1) expectations for engaging in research, (2) cultural humility, (3) respecting the partnership, (4) open communication, (5) genuine commitment, (6) valuing strengths and recognizing capacities, and (7) collaborating to yield meaningful results. The themes drawn from the community partner’s voice align with the tenets of CBPR advanced in the academic literature.More opportunities to include the community voice when promoting CBPR should be undertaken to help introduce the concepts to potential community partners who may be research cautious.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Community-based participatory research (CBPR) has been documented as an effective approach to research with underserved communities, particularly with racial and ethnic minority groups. However, much of the literature promoting the use of CBPR with underserved communities is written from the perspective of the researchers and not from the perspective of the community partner. The purpose of this article is to capture lessons learned from the community partners’insight gained through their experiences with CBPR. A multi-investigator consensus method was used to qualitatively code the transcripts of a CBPR story-telling video series. Seven major themes were identified: (1) expectations for engaging in research, (2) cultural humility, (3) respecting the partnership, (4) open communication, (5) genuine commitment, (6) valuing strengths and recognizing capacities, and (7) collaborating to yield meaningful results. The themes drawn from the community partner’s voice align with the tenets of CBPR advanced in the academic literature.More opportunities to include the community voice when promoting CBPR should be undertaken to help introduce the concepts to potential community partners who may be research cautious. |
Ghazanfari, Behzad; Afghah, Fatemeh; Hajiaghayi, Mohammadtaghi Inverse Feature Learning: Feature Learning Based on Representation Learning of Error Journal Article IEEEXplore, 8 , pp. 132937 - 132949, 2020. @article{Ghazanfari2020, title = {Inverse Feature Learning: Feature Learning Based on Representation Learning of Error}, author = {Behzad Ghazanfari and Fatemeh Afghah and Mohammadtaghi Hajiaghayi}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9143092}, doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3009902}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-07-17}, journal = {IEEEXplore}, volume = {8}, pages = {132937 - 132949}, abstract = {This paper proposes inverse feature learning (IFL) as a novel supervised feature learning technique that learns a set of high-level features for classification based on an error representation approach. The key contribution of this method is to learn the representation of error as high-level features, while current representation learning methods interpret error by loss functions which are obtained as a function of differences between the true labels and the predicted ones. One advantage of this error representation is that the learned features for each class can be obtained independently of learned features for other classes; therefore, IFL can learn simultaneously meaning that it can learn new classes' features without retraining. Error representation learning can also help with generalization and reduce the chance of over-fitting by adding a set of impactful features to the original data set which capture the relationships between each instance and different classes through an error generation and analysis process. This method can be particularly effective in data sets, where the instances of each class have diverse feature representations or the ones with imbalanced classes. The experimental results show that the proposed IFL results in better performance compared to the state-of-the-art classification techniques for several popular data sets. We hope this paper can open a new path to utilize the proposed perspective of error representation learning in different feature learning domains.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } This paper proposes inverse feature learning (IFL) as a novel supervised feature learning technique that learns a set of high-level features for classification based on an error representation approach. The key contribution of this method is to learn the representation of error as high-level features, while current representation learning methods interpret error by loss functions which are obtained as a function of differences between the true labels and the predicted ones. One advantage of this error representation is that the learned features for each class can be obtained independently of learned features for other classes; therefore, IFL can learn simultaneously meaning that it can learn new classes' features without retraining. Error representation learning can also help with generalization and reduce the chance of over-fitting by adding a set of impactful features to the original data set which capture the relationships between each instance and different classes through an error generation and analysis process. This method can be particularly effective in data sets, where the instances of each class have diverse feature representations or the ones with imbalanced classes. The experimental results show that the proposed IFL results in better performance compared to the state-of-the-art classification techniques for several popular data sets. We hope this paper can open a new path to utilize the proposed perspective of error representation learning in different feature learning domains. |
Stephenson, Sara; Roger, Oaklee; Ivy, Cynthia; Barron, Richard; Burke, Jennifer The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy, 8 (3), pp. 1-12, 2020. @article{Stephenson2020, title = {Designing Effective Capstone Experiences and Projects for Entry-Level Doctoral Students in Occupational Therapy: One Program’s Approaches and Lessons Learned}, author = {Sara Stephenson and Oaklee Roger and Cynthia Ivy and Richard Barron and Jennifer Burke}, url = {https://doi.org/10.15453/2168-6408.1727}, doi = {10.15453/2168-6408.1727}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-07-15}, journal = {The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy}, volume = {8}, number = {3}, pages = {1-12}, abstract = {Entry-level doctoral occupational therapy programs require students to complete a capstone experience and project that supports advanced skills through an in-depth learning experience with a student-selected mentor. Strong curriculum design and mentorship are vital aspects of successful capstone experiences and projects. Through the application of these key components, students are supported, in collaboration with mentors, to achieve mutually beneficial projects allowing advancement of the profession through dissemination of capstone work.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Entry-level doctoral occupational therapy programs require students to complete a capstone experience and project that supports advanced skills through an in-depth learning experience with a student-selected mentor. Strong curriculum design and mentorship are vital aspects of successful capstone experiences and projects. Through the application of these key components, students are supported, in collaboration with mentors, to achieve mutually beneficial projects allowing advancement of the profession through dissemination of capstone work. |
Fotoohinasab, Atiyeh; Hocking, Toby; Afghah, Fatemeh A Graph-constrained Changepoint Detection Approach for ECG Segmentation Journal Article Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc., pp. 332-336, 2020. @article{Fotoohinasab2020, title = {A Graph-constrained Changepoint Detection Approach for ECG Segmentation}, author = {Atiyeh Fotoohinasab and Toby Hocking and Fatemeh Afghah }, url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33017996/}, doi = {10.1109/EMBC44109.2020.9175333}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-07-01}, journal = {Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc.}, pages = {332-336}, abstract = {Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal is the most commonly used non-invasive tool in the assessment of cardiovascular diseases. Segmentation of the ECG signal to locate its constitutive waves, in particular the R-peaks, is a key step in ECG processing and analysis. Over the years, several segmentation and QRS complex detection algorithms have been proposed with different features; however, their performance highly depends on applying preprocessing steps which makes them unreliable in realtime data analysis of ambulatory care settings and remote monitoring systems, where the collected data is highly noisy. Moreover, some issues still remain with the current algorithms in regard to the diverse morphological categories for the ECG signal and their high computation cost. In this paper, we introduce a novel graph-based optimal changepoint detection (GCCD) method for reliable detection of Rpeak positions without employing any preprocessing step. The proposed model guarantees to compute the globally optimal changepoint detection solution. It is also generic in nature and can be applied to other time-series biomedical signals. Based on the MIT-BIH arrhythmia (MIT-BIH-AR) database, the proposed method achieves overall sensitivity Sen = 99.76, positive predictivity PPR = 99.68, and detection error rate DER = 0.55 which are comparable to other state-of-the-art approaches.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal is the most commonly used non-invasive tool in the assessment of cardiovascular diseases. Segmentation of the ECG signal to locate its constitutive waves, in particular the R-peaks, is a key step in ECG processing and analysis. Over the years, several segmentation and QRS complex detection algorithms have been proposed with different features; however, their performance highly depends on applying preprocessing steps which makes them unreliable in realtime data analysis of ambulatory care settings and remote monitoring systems, where the collected data is highly noisy. Moreover, some issues still remain with the current algorithms in regard to the diverse morphological categories for the ECG signal and their high computation cost. In this paper, we introduce a novel graph-based optimal changepoint detection (GCCD) method for reliable detection of Rpeak positions without employing any preprocessing step. The proposed model guarantees to compute the globally optimal changepoint detection solution. It is also generic in nature and can be applied to other time-series biomedical signals. Based on the MIT-BIH arrhythmia (MIT-BIH-AR) database, the proposed method achieves overall sensitivity Sen = 99.76, positive predictivity PPR = 99.68, and detection error rate DER = 0.55 which are comparable to other state-of-the-art approaches. |
Ingram, Maia; Sabo, Samantha; Redondo, Floribella; Soto, Yanitza; Russell, Kim; Carter, Heather; Bender, Brook; de Zapien, Jill Guernsey Establishing voluntary certification of community health workers in Arizona: a policy case study of building a unified workforce Journal Article Human Resources for Health, 18 (46), 2020. @article{Ingram2020, title = {Establishing voluntary certification of community health workers in Arizona: a policy case study of building a unified workforce}, author = {Maia Ingram and Samantha Sabo and Floribella Redondo and Yanitza Soto and Kim Russell and Heather Carter and Brook Bender and Jill Guernsey de Zapien }, url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-020-00487-7}, doi = {10.1186/s12960-020-00487-7}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-06-26}, journal = {Human Resources for Health}, volume = {18}, number = {46}, abstract = {Community health workers (CHWs) are widely recognized as essential to addressing disparities in health care delivery and outcomes in US vulnerable populations. In the state of Arizona, the sustainability of the workforce is threatened by low wages, poor job security, and limited opportunities for training and advancement within the profession. CHW voluntary certification offers an avenue to increase the recognition, compensation, training, and standardization of the workforce. However, passing voluntary certification legislation in an anti-regulatory state such as Arizona posed a major challenge that required a robust advocacy effort.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Community health workers (CHWs) are widely recognized as essential to addressing disparities in health care delivery and outcomes in US vulnerable populations. In the state of Arizona, the sustainability of the workforce is threatened by low wages, poor job security, and limited opportunities for training and advancement within the profession. CHW voluntary certification offers an avenue to increase the recognition, compensation, training, and standardization of the workforce. However, passing voluntary certification legislation in an anti-regulatory state such as Arizona posed a major challenge that required a robust advocacy effort. |
Jones, M C; Credo, Jonathan; Ingram, Jani; Baldwin, Julie A; Trotter, Robert T; Propper, Catherine Arsenic Concentrations in Ground and Surface Waters across Arizona Including Native Lands Journal Article Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education, 122 (5), pp. 523-537, 2020. @article{Jones2020, title = {Arsenic Concentrations in Ground and Surface Waters across Arizona Including Native Lands}, author = {M.C. Jones and Jonathan Credo and Jani Ingram and Julie A. Baldwin and Robert T. Trotter and Catherine Propper}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704X.2020.03331.x}, doi = {10.1002/jcb.29885}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-06-01}, journal = {Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education}, volume = {122}, number = {5}, pages = {523-537}, abstract = {Parts of the Southwestern United States report arsenic levels in water resources that are above the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s current drinking water limits. Prolonged exposure to arsenic through food and drinking water can contribute to significant health problems including cancer, developmental effects, cardiovascular disease, neurotoxicity, and diabetes. In order to understand exposure risks, water sampling and testing has been conducted throughout Arizona. This information is available to the public through often non-overlapping databases that are difficult to access and in impracticable formats. The current study utilized a systemic compilation of online databases to compile a spreadsheet containing over 33,000 water samples. The reported arsenic concentrations from these databases were collected from 1990–2017. Using ArcGIS software, these data were converted into a map shapefile and overlaid onto a map of Arizona. This visual representation shows that arsenic levels in surface and ground water exceed the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s drinking water limits for many sites in several counties in Arizona, and there is an underrepresentation of sampling in several tribal jurisdictions. This information is useful for water managers and private well owners throughout the State for determining safe drinking water sources and limiting exposure to arsenic.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Parts of the Southwestern United States report arsenic levels in water resources that are above the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s current drinking water limits. Prolonged exposure to arsenic through food and drinking water can contribute to significant health problems including cancer, developmental effects, cardiovascular disease, neurotoxicity, and diabetes. In order to understand exposure risks, water sampling and testing has been conducted throughout Arizona. This information is available to the public through often non-overlapping databases that are difficult to access and in impracticable formats. The current study utilized a systemic compilation of online databases to compile a spreadsheet containing over 33,000 water samples. The reported arsenic concentrations from these databases were collected from 1990–2017. Using ArcGIS software, these data were converted into a map shapefile and overlaid onto a map of Arizona. This visual representation shows that arsenic levels in surface and ground water exceed the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s drinking water limits for many sites in several counties in Arizona, and there is an underrepresentation of sampling in several tribal jurisdictions. This information is useful for water managers and private well owners throughout the State for determining safe drinking water sources and limiting exposure to arsenic. |
Reynolds, Lori; Rogers, Oaklee; Benford, Andrew; Ingwaldson, Ammie; Vu, Bethany; Holstege, Tiffany; Alvarado, Korinna Virtual Nature as an Intervention for Reducing Stress and Improving Mood in People with Substance Use Disorder Journal Article Journal of Addiction, 2020 , 2020. @article{Reynolds2020, title = {Virtual Nature as an Intervention for Reducing Stress and Improving Mood in People with Substance Use Disorder}, author = {Lori Reynolds and Oaklee Rogers and Andrew Benford and Ammie Ingwaldson and Bethany Vu and Tiffany Holstege and Korinna Alvarado}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1892390}, doi = {10.1155/2020/1892390}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-05-20}, journal = {Journal of Addiction}, volume = {2020}, abstract = {Substance use disorder (SUD) afflicts a large percentage of the United States population, with negative implications that cost more than $420 billion annually. This population often experiences negative emotions throughout the recovery process, including anxiety, depression, stress, and negative affect. Currently, evidence-based treatment strategies for SUD include cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, 12-step programs, and mindfulness-based treatment. One intervention that has not been studied at length among individuals with SUD is use of the natural environment as treatment. Among other patient populations, nature has been shown to reduce stress and anxiety by regulating autonomic nervous system function, reducing symptoms of depression, and improving mood. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether viewing nature videos could similarly reduce stress and improve mood in individuals with SUD. A crossover design was used to compare viewing a nature scene and practicing mindfulness-based activities for women with SUD at a residential treatment facility. Over four weeks, participants engaged in the two activities for the first 10 minutes of their daily program. Immediately before and after each 10 minute session, measures were taken for heart rate, in beats per minute (BPM); affect, using the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS); and overall mood, using a 10-point rating scale from “very unpleasant” to “pleasant.” Thirty-six women completed the study. For viewing a nature scene and practicing the mindfulness-based activities, there were statistically significant reductions in mean negative affect scores () and heart rate (). In addition, for participants in both conditions, overall mood improved significantly (). The results from this study provide initial evidence that viewing nature has similar benefits to MBT in the treatment of stress and negative mood associated with the SUD recovery process and may be an additional, cost-effective treatment strategy for individuals with SUD.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Substance use disorder (SUD) afflicts a large percentage of the United States population, with negative implications that cost more than $420 billion annually. This population often experiences negative emotions throughout the recovery process, including anxiety, depression, stress, and negative affect. Currently, evidence-based treatment strategies for SUD include cognitive behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing, 12-step programs, and mindfulness-based treatment. One intervention that has not been studied at length among individuals with SUD is use of the natural environment as treatment. Among other patient populations, nature has been shown to reduce stress and anxiety by regulating autonomic nervous system function, reducing symptoms of depression, and improving mood. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether viewing nature videos could similarly reduce stress and improve mood in individuals with SUD. A crossover design was used to compare viewing a nature scene and practicing mindfulness-based activities for women with SUD at a residential treatment facility. Over four weeks, participants engaged in the two activities for the first 10 minutes of their daily program. Immediately before and after each 10 minute session, measures were taken for heart rate, in beats per minute (BPM); affect, using the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS); and overall mood, using a 10-point rating scale from “very unpleasant” to “pleasant.” Thirty-six women completed the study. For viewing a nature scene and practicing the mindfulness-based activities, there were statistically significant reductions in mean negative affect scores () and heart rate (). In addition, for participants in both conditions, overall mood improved significantly (). The results from this study provide initial evidence that viewing nature has similar benefits to MBT in the treatment of stress and negative mood associated with the SUD recovery process and may be an additional, cost-effective treatment strategy for individuals with SUD. |
Baldwin, JA ; Lowe, J; Brooks, J; Charbonneau-Dahlen, BK ; Lawrence, G; Johnson-Jennings, M; Padgett, G; Kelley, M; Camplain, C Health Promot Pract., 22 (6), pp. 778-785, 2020. @article{Baldwin2020, title = {Formative Research and Cultural Tailoring of a Substance Abuse Prevention Program for American Indian Youth: Findings From the Intertribal Talking Circle Intervention}, author = {Baldwin, JA and Lowe, J and Brooks, J and Charbonneau-Dahlen, BK and Lawrence, G and Johnson-Jennings ,M and Padgett, G and Kelley, M and Camplain, C}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839920918551}, doi = {10.1177/1524839920918551}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-05-14}, journal = {Health Promot Pract.}, volume = {22}, number = {6}, pages = {778-785}, abstract = {Substance use among American Indians (AIs) is a critical health issue and accounts for many health problems such as chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, behavioral health conditions, homicide, suicide, and motor vehicle accidents. In 2013, the highest rates of substance use and dependence were seen among AIs when compared to all other population groups, although these rates vary across different tribes. Among AI adolescents, high rates of substance use have been associated with environmental and historical factors, including poverty, historical trauma, bicultural stress, and changing tribal/familial roles. Our project, the Intertribal Talking Circle intervention, involved adapting, tailoring, implementing, and evaluating an existing intervention for AI youth of three tribal communities in the United States. Formative Results. Community partnership committees (CPCs) identified alcohol, marijuana, and prescription medications as high priority substances. CPC concerns focused on the increasing substance use in their communities and the corresponding negative impacts on families, stating a lack of coping skills, positive role models, and hope for the future as concerns for youth. Cultural Tailoring Process Results. Each site formed a CPC that culturally tailored the intervention for their tribal community. This included translating Keetoowah-Cherokee language, cultural practices, and symbolism into the local tribal customs for relevance. The CPCs were essential for incorporating local context and perceived concerns around AI adolescent substance use. These results may be helpful to other tribal communities developing/implementing substance use prevention interventions for AI youth. It is critical that Indigenous cultures and local context be factored into such programs.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Substance use among American Indians (AIs) is a critical health issue and accounts for many health problems such as chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, behavioral health conditions, homicide, suicide, and motor vehicle accidents. In 2013, the highest rates of substance use and dependence were seen among AIs when compared to all other population groups, although these rates vary across different tribes. Among AI adolescents, high rates of substance use have been associated with environmental and historical factors, including poverty, historical trauma, bicultural stress, and changing tribal/familial roles. Our project, the Intertribal Talking Circle intervention, involved adapting, tailoring, implementing, and evaluating an existing intervention for AI youth of three tribal communities in the United States. Formative Results. Community partnership committees (CPCs) identified alcohol, marijuana, and prescription medications as high priority substances. CPC concerns focused on the increasing substance use in their communities and the corresponding negative impacts on families, stating a lack of coping skills, positive role models, and hope for the future as concerns for youth. Cultural Tailoring Process Results. Each site formed a CPC that culturally tailored the intervention for their tribal community. This included translating Keetoowah-Cherokee language, cultural practices, and symbolism into the local tribal customs for relevance. The CPCs were essential for incorporating local context and perceived concerns around AI adolescent substance use. These results may be helpful to other tribal communities developing/implementing substance use prevention interventions for AI youth. It is critical that Indigenous cultures and local context be factored into such programs. |
Lindly, Olivia J; Martin, Alison J; Lally, Kathryn Community Mental Health Journal, 2020. @article{Lindly2020, title = {A Profile of Care Coordination, Missed School Days, and Unmet Needs Among Oregon Children With Special Health Care Needs With Behavioral and Mental Health Conditions}, author = {Olivia J Lindly and Alison J Martin and Kathryn Lally}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00609-4}, doi = {10.1007/s10597-020-00609-4}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-04-01}, journal = {Community Mental Health Journal}, abstract = {To inform Oregon's Title V needs assessment activities, we aimed to (1) characterize the state's subpopulation of children with special health care needs (CSHCN) with behavioral and mental health conditions (B/MHC) and (2) determine associations of care coordination with missed school days and unmet needs for this subpopulation. We analyzed 2009-2010 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs data on 736 Oregon CSHCN < 18 years, including 418 CSHCN with B/MHC. Among Oregon CSHCN with B/MHC: 48.9% missed ≥ 4 school days, 25% had ≥ 1 unmet health services need, and 14.8% had ≥ 1 unmet family support services need. Care coordination was associated with lower adjusted odds of ≥ 1 unmet health services need but was not significantly associated with missed school days or unmet family support services need. The approach to identify Oregon CSHCN with B/MHC may be adopted by other states endeavoring to improve health for this vulnerable subpopulation}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } To inform Oregon's Title V needs assessment activities, we aimed to (1) characterize the state's subpopulation of children with special health care needs (CSHCN) with behavioral and mental health conditions (B/MHC) and (2) determine associations of care coordination with missed school days and unmet needs for this subpopulation. We analyzed 2009-2010 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs data on 736 Oregon CSHCN < 18 years, including 418 CSHCN with B/MHC. Among Oregon CSHCN with B/MHC: 48.9% missed ≥ 4 school days, 25% had ≥ 1 unmet health services need, and 14.8% had ≥ 1 unmet family support services need. Care coordination was associated with lower adjusted odds of ≥ 1 unmet health services need but was not significantly associated with missed school days or unmet family support services need. The approach to identify Oregon CSHCN with B/MHC may be adopted by other states endeavoring to improve health for this vulnerable subpopulation |
Pro, George; Utter, Jeff; Haberstroh, Shane; Baldwin, Julie Drug Alcohol Dependence , 209 , 2020. @article{Pro2020c, title = {Dual mental health diagnoses predict the receipt of medication-assisted opioid treatment: Associations moderated by state Medicaid expansion status, race/ethnicity and gender, and year}, author = {George Pro and Jeff Utter and Shane Haberstroh and Julie Baldwin}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107952}, doi = {10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107952}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-04-01}, journal = {Drug Alcohol Dependence }, volume = {209}, abstract = {Mental health diagnoses (MHD) are common among those with opioid use disorders (OUD). Methadone/buprenorphine are effective medication-assisted treatment (MAT) strategies; however, treatment receipt is low among those with dual MHDs. Medicaid expansions have broadly increased access to OUD and mental health services over time, but MAT uptake may vary depending on multiple factors, including MHD status, state Medicaid expansion decisions, and race/ethnicity and gender. Examining clinical and policy approaches to promoting MAT uptake may improve services among marginalized groups.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Mental health diagnoses (MHD) are common among those with opioid use disorders (OUD). Methadone/buprenorphine are effective medication-assisted treatment (MAT) strategies; however, treatment receipt is low among those with dual MHDs. Medicaid expansions have broadly increased access to OUD and mental health services over time, but MAT uptake may vary depending on multiple factors, including MHD status, state Medicaid expansion decisions, and race/ethnicity and gender. Examining clinical and policy approaches to promoting MAT uptake may improve services among marginalized groups. |
Stout, Nicole L; Brown, Justin C; Schwartz, Anna L; Marshall, Timothy F; Campbell, Anna M; Nekhlyudov, Larissa; Zucker, David S; Basen-Engquist, Karen M; Campbell, Grace; Meyerhardt, Jeffrey; Cheville, Andrea L; Covington, Kelley R; Ligibel, Jennifer A; Sokolof, Jonas M; Schmitz, Kathryn H; Alfano, Catherine M An exercise oncology clinical pathway: Screening and referral for personalized interventions Journal Article American Cancer Society Journals, 2020. @article{Stout2020, title = {An exercise oncology clinical pathway: Screening and referral for personalized interventions}, author = {Nicole L Stout and Justin C Brown and Anna L Schwartz and Timothy F Marshall and Anna M Campbell and Larissa Nekhlyudov and David S Zucker and Karen M Basen-Engquist and Grace Campbell and Jeffrey Meyerhardt and Andrea L Cheville and Kelley R Covington and Jennifer A Ligibel and Jonas M Sokolof and Kathryn H Schmitz and Catherine M Alfano}, url = {https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cncr.32860}, doi = {10.1002/cncr.32860}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-03-25}, journal = {American Cancer Society Journals}, abstract = {This article presents a clinical screening and referral framework to enable health care professionals to guide individuals with cancer to safe and effective exercise programs.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } This article presents a clinical screening and referral framework to enable health care professionals to guide individuals with cancer to safe and effective exercise programs. |
Pearson, Talima; Sahl, Jason; Hepp, Crystal; Handady, Karthik; Hornstra, Heidie; Vazquez, Adam J; Mayo, Erik Settles Mark; Kaestli, Mirjam; Williamson, Heather; Price, Erin P; Sarovich, Derek S; Cook, James M; Wolken, Spenser R; Bowen, Richard; Tuanyok, Apichai; Foster, Jeffrey; Drees, Keven P; Kidd, Timothy J; Bell, Scott C; Currie, Bart J; Keim, Paul PLoS Pathogens, 2020. @article{Pearson2020, title = {Pathogen to Commensal? Longitudinal Within-Host Population Dynamics, Evolution, and Adaptation During a Chronic >16-year Burkholderia Pseudomallei Infection}, author = {Talima Pearson and Jason Sahl and Crystal Hepp and Karthik Handady and Heidie Hornstra and Adam J. Vazquez and Erik Settles Mark Mayo and Mirjam Kaestli and Heather Williamson and Erin P. Price and Derek S. Sarovich and James M. Cook and Spenser R. Wolken and Richard Bowen and Apichai Tuanyok and Jeffrey Foster and Keven P. Drees and Timothy J. Kidd and Scott C. Bell and Bart J. Currie and Paul Keim}, url = {https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1008298}, doi = {10.1371/journal.ppat.1008298}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-03-05}, journal = {PLoS Pathogens}, abstract = {Although acute melioidosis is the most common outcome of Burkholderia pseudomallei infection, we have documented a case, P314, where disease severity lessened with time, and the pathogen evolved towards a commensal relationship with the host. In the current study, we used whole-genome sequencing to monitor this long-term symbiotic relationship to better understand B. pseudomallei persistence in P314's sputum despite intensive initial therapeutic regimens. We collected and sequenced 118 B. pseudomallei isolates from P314's airways over a >16-year period, and also sampled the patient's home environment, recovering six closely related B. pseudomallei isolates from the household water system. Using comparative genomics, we identified 126 SNPs in the core genome of the 124 isolates or 162 SNPs/indels when the accessory genome was included. The core SNPs were used to construct a phylogenetic tree, which demonstrated a close relationship between environmental and clinical isolates and detailed within-host evolutionary patterns. The phylogeny had little homoplasy, consistent with a strictly clonal mode of genetic inheritance. Repeated sampling revealed evidence of genetic diversification, but frequent extinctions left only one successful lineage through the first four years and two lineages after that. Overall, the evolution of this population is nonadaptive and best explained by genetic drift. However, some genetic and phenotypic changes are consistent with in situ adaptation. Using a mouse model, P314 isolates caused greatly reduced morbidity and mortality compared to the environmental isolates. Additionally, potentially adaptive phenotypes emerged and included differences in the O-antigen, capsular polysaccharide, motility, and colony morphology. The >13-year co-existence of two long-lived lineages presents interesting hypotheses that can be tested in future studies to provide additional insights into selective pressures, niche differentiation, and microbial adaptation. This unusual melioidosis case presents a rare example of the evolutionary progression towards commensalism by a highly virulent pathogen within a single human host.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Although acute melioidosis is the most common outcome of Burkholderia pseudomallei infection, we have documented a case, P314, where disease severity lessened with time, and the pathogen evolved towards a commensal relationship with the host. In the current study, we used whole-genome sequencing to monitor this long-term symbiotic relationship to better understand B. pseudomallei persistence in P314's sputum despite intensive initial therapeutic regimens. We collected and sequenced 118 B. pseudomallei isolates from P314's airways over a >16-year period, and also sampled the patient's home environment, recovering six closely related B. pseudomallei isolates from the household water system. Using comparative genomics, we identified 126 SNPs in the core genome of the 124 isolates or 162 SNPs/indels when the accessory genome was included. The core SNPs were used to construct a phylogenetic tree, which demonstrated a close relationship between environmental and clinical isolates and detailed within-host evolutionary patterns. The phylogeny had little homoplasy, consistent with a strictly clonal mode of genetic inheritance. Repeated sampling revealed evidence of genetic diversification, but frequent extinctions left only one successful lineage through the first four years and two lineages after that. Overall, the evolution of this population is nonadaptive and best explained by genetic drift. However, some genetic and phenotypic changes are consistent with in situ adaptation. Using a mouse model, P314 isolates caused greatly reduced morbidity and mortality compared to the environmental isolates. Additionally, potentially adaptive phenotypes emerged and included differences in the O-antigen, capsular polysaccharide, motility, and colony morphology. The >13-year co-existence of two long-lived lineages presents interesting hypotheses that can be tested in future studies to provide additional insights into selective pressures, niche differentiation, and microbial adaptation. This unusual melioidosis case presents a rare example of the evolutionary progression towards commensalism by a highly virulent pathogen within a single human host. |
Cocking, Jill Hager; Deberg, Michael; Schupp, Jim; Sahl, Jason; Wiggins, Kristin; Porty, Ariel; Hornstra, Heidie M; Hepp, Crystal; Jardine, Claire; Furstenau, Tara N; Schulte-Hostedde, Albrecht; Fofanov, Viacheslav Y; Pearson, Talima Selective Whole Genome Amplification and Sequencing of Coxiella Burnetii Directly From Environmental Samples Journal Article Genomics, 112 (2), pp. 1872-1878, 2020. @article{Cocking2020, title = {Selective Whole Genome Amplification and Sequencing of Coxiella Burnetii Directly From Environmental Samples}, author = {Jill Hager Cocking and Michael Deberg and Jim Schupp and Jason Sahl and Kristin Wiggins and Ariel Porty and Heidie M. Hornstra and Crystal Hepp and Claire Jardine and Tara N. Furstenau and Albrecht Schulte-Hostedde and Viacheslav Y. Fofanov and Talima Pearson}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0888754319302058?via%3Dihub}, doi = {10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.10.022}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-03-01}, journal = {Genomics}, volume = {112}, number = {2}, pages = {1872-1878}, abstract = {Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is a widely available, inexpensive means of providing a wealth of information about an organism's diversity and evolution. However, WGS for many pathogenic bacteria remain limited because they are difficult, slow and/or dangerous to culture. To avoid culturing, metagenomic sequencing can be performed directly on samples, but the sequencing effort required to characterize low frequency organisms can be expensive. Recently developed methods for selective whole genome amplification (SWGA) can enrich target DNA to provide efficient sequencing. We amplified Coxiella burnetii (a bacterial select agent and human/livestock pathogen) from 3 three environmental samples that were overwhelmed with host DNA. The 68- to 147-fold enrichment of the bacterial sequences provided enough genome coverage for SNP analyses and phylogenetic placement. SWGA is a valuable tool for the study of difficult-to-culture organisms and has the potential to facilitate high-throughput population characterizations as well as targeted epidemiological or forensic investigations.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is a widely available, inexpensive means of providing a wealth of information about an organism's diversity and evolution. However, WGS for many pathogenic bacteria remain limited because they are difficult, slow and/or dangerous to culture. To avoid culturing, metagenomic sequencing can be performed directly on samples, but the sequencing effort required to characterize low frequency organisms can be expensive. Recently developed methods for selective whole genome amplification (SWGA) can enrich target DNA to provide efficient sequencing. We amplified Coxiella burnetii (a bacterial select agent and human/livestock pathogen) from 3 three environmental samples that were overwhelmed with host DNA. The 68- to 147-fold enrichment of the bacterial sequences provided enough genome coverage for SNP analyses and phylogenetic placement. SWGA is a valuable tool for the study of difficult-to-culture organisms and has the potential to facilitate high-throughput population characterizations as well as targeted epidemiological or forensic investigations. |
Pinto, Bronson I; Cruz, Nathan D; Lujan, Oscar R; Propper, Catherine R; Kellar, Robert S In Vitro Scratch Assay to Demonstrate Effects of Arsenic on Skin Cell Migration Journal Article Jove, 144 , 2020. @article{Pinto2020, title = {In Vitro Scratch Assay to Demonstrate Effects of Arsenic on Skin Cell Migration}, author = {Bronson I Pinto and Nathan D Cruz and Oscar R Lujan and Catherine R Propper and Robert S Kellar}, url = {https://www.jove.com/video/58838/in-vitro-scratch-assay-to-demonstrate-effects-arsenic-on-skin-cell}, doi = {10.3791/58838}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-02-23}, journal = {Jove}, volume = {144}, abstract = {Understanding the physiologic mechanisms of wound healing has been the focus of ongoing research for many years. This research directly translates into changes in clinical standards used for treating wounds and decreasing morbidity and mortality for patients. Wound healing is a complex process that requires strategic cell and tissue interaction and function. One of the many critically important functions of wound healing is individual and collective cellular migration. Upon injury, various cells from the blood, surrounding connective, and epithelial tissues rapidly migrate to the wound site by way of chemical and/or physical stimuli. This migration response can largely dictate the outcomes and success of a healing wound. Understanding this specific cellular function is important for translational medicine that can lead to improved wound healing outcomes. Here, we describe a protocol used to better understand cellular migration as it pertains to wound healing, and how changes to the cellular environment can significantly alter this process. In this example study, dermal fibroblasts were grown in media supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) as monolayer cultures in tissue culture flasks. Cells were aseptically transferred into tissue culture treated 12-well plates and grown to 100% confluence. Upon reaching confluence, the cells in the monolayer were vertically scratched using a p200 pipet tip. Arsenic diluted in culture media supplemented with FBS was added to individual wells at environmentally relevant doses ranging 0.1-10 μM. Images were captured every 4 hours (h) over a 24 h period using an inverted light microscope to observe cellular migration (wound closure). Images were individually analyzed using image analysis software, and percent wound closure was calculated. Results demonstrate that arsenic slows down wound healing. This technique provides a rapid and inexpensive first screen for evaluation of the effects of contaminants on wound healing.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Understanding the physiologic mechanisms of wound healing has been the focus of ongoing research for many years. This research directly translates into changes in clinical standards used for treating wounds and decreasing morbidity and mortality for patients. Wound healing is a complex process that requires strategic cell and tissue interaction and function. One of the many critically important functions of wound healing is individual and collective cellular migration. Upon injury, various cells from the blood, surrounding connective, and epithelial tissues rapidly migrate to the wound site by way of chemical and/or physical stimuli. This migration response can largely dictate the outcomes and success of a healing wound. Understanding this specific cellular function is important for translational medicine that can lead to improved wound healing outcomes. Here, we describe a protocol used to better understand cellular migration as it pertains to wound healing, and how changes to the cellular environment can significantly alter this process. In this example study, dermal fibroblasts were grown in media supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) as monolayer cultures in tissue culture flasks. Cells were aseptically transferred into tissue culture treated 12-well plates and grown to 100% confluence. Upon reaching confluence, the cells in the monolayer were vertically scratched using a p200 pipet tip. Arsenic diluted in culture media supplemented with FBS was added to individual wells at environmentally relevant doses ranging 0.1-10 μM. Images were captured every 4 hours (h) over a 24 h period using an inverted light microscope to observe cellular migration (wound closure). Images were individually analyzed using image analysis software, and percent wound closure was calculated. Results demonstrate that arsenic slows down wound healing. This technique provides a rapid and inexpensive first screen for evaluation of the effects of contaminants on wound healing. |
Ghazanfari, Behzad; Zhang, Sixian; Afghah, Fatemeh; Payton-McCauslin, Nathan Simultaneous Multiple Features Tracking of Beats: A Representation Learning Approach to Reduce False Alarm Rate in ICUs Journal Article Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine, pp. 2350-2355, 2020. @article{Ghazanfari2020b, title = {Simultaneous Multiple Features Tracking of Beats: A Representation Learning Approach to Reduce False Alarm Rate in ICUs}, author = {Behzad Ghazanfari and Sixian Zhang and Fatemeh Afghah and Nathan Payton-McCauslin}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8983408}, doi = {10.1109/bibm47256.2019.8983408}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-02-06}, journal = {Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine}, pages = {2350-2355}, abstract = {The high rate of false alarms is a key challenge related to patient care in intensive care units (ICUs) that can result in delayed responses of the medical staff. Several rule-based and machine learning-based techniques have been developed to address this problem. However, the majority of these methods rely on the availability of different physiological signals such as different electrocardiogram (ECG) leads, arterial blood pressure (ABP), and photoplethysmogram (PPG), where each signal is analyzed by an independent processing unit and the results are fed to an algorithm to determine an alarm. That calls for novel methods that can accurately detect the cardiac events by only accessing one signal (e.g., ECG) with a low level of computation and sensors requirement. We propose a novel and robust representation learning framework for ECG analysis that only rely on a single lead ECG signal and yet achieves considerably better performance compared to the state-of-the-art works in this domain, without relying on an expert knowledge. We evaluate the performance of this method using the "2015 Physionet computing in cardiology challenge" dataset. To the best of our knowledge, the best previously reported performance is based on both expert knowledge and machine learning where all available signals of ECG, ABP and PPG are utilized. Our proposed method reaches the performance of 97.3%, 95.5 %, and 90.8 % in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and the challenge's score, respectively for the detection of five arrhythmias when only one single ECG lead signals is used without any expert knowledge.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The high rate of false alarms is a key challenge related to patient care in intensive care units (ICUs) that can result in delayed responses of the medical staff. Several rule-based and machine learning-based techniques have been developed to address this problem. However, the majority of these methods rely on the availability of different physiological signals such as different electrocardiogram (ECG) leads, arterial blood pressure (ABP), and photoplethysmogram (PPG), where each signal is analyzed by an independent processing unit and the results are fed to an algorithm to determine an alarm. That calls for novel methods that can accurately detect the cardiac events by only accessing one signal (e.g., ECG) with a low level of computation and sensors requirement. We propose a novel and robust representation learning framework for ECG analysis that only rely on a single lead ECG signal and yet achieves considerably better performance compared to the state-of-the-art works in this domain, without relying on an expert knowledge. We evaluate the performance of this method using the "2015 Physionet computing in cardiology challenge" dataset. To the best of our knowledge, the best previously reported performance is based on both expert knowledge and machine learning where all available signals of ECG, ABP and PPG are utilized. Our proposed method reaches the performance of 97.3%, 95.5 %, and 90.8 % in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and the challenge's score, respectively for the detection of five arrhythmias when only one single ECG lead signals is used without any expert knowledge. |
Kumar, Amit; Rivera-Hernandez, Maricruz; Karmarkar, Amol M; Chou, Lin-Na; Kuo, Yong-Fang; Baldwin, Julie A; Panagiotou, Orestis A; Burke, Robert E; Ottenbacher, Kenneth J Social and Health-Related Factors Associated With Enrollment in Medicare Advantage Plans in Older Adults Journal Article Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 68 (2), pp. 313-320, 2020. @article{Kumar2020, title = {Social and Health-Related Factors Associated With Enrollment in Medicare Advantage Plans in Older Adults}, author = {Amit Kumar and Maricruz Rivera-Hernandez and Amol M. Karmarkar and Lin-Na Chou and Yong-Fang Kuo and Julie A. Baldwin and Orestis A. Panagiotou and Robert E. Burke and Kenneth J. Ottenbacher}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jgs.16202}, doi = {10.1111/jgs.16202}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-02-01}, journal = {Journal of the American Geriatrics Society}, volume = {68}, number = {2}, pages = {313-320}, abstract = {Among Mexican American older adults, FFS enrollees were more likely to be born in Mexico, speak Spanish, have lower levels of education, and have more disability than MA enrollees. Older adults with a larger number of limitations of instrumental activities of daily living (odds ratio [OR] = .50; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .26‐.98) and more social support (OR = .70; 95% CI = .45‐.98) were less likely to switch from FFS to MA compared with older adults with no limitations and less social support. Additionally, older adults living in counties with a greater number of MA plans were more likely to switch from FFS to MA (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.45‐3.16), compared with counties with a lower number of MA plans. In counties with a higher number of MA plans, older adults with more social support had lower odds of switching from FFS to MA (OR = .48; 95% CI = .28‐.82) compared with older adults with less social support.Compared with those enrolled in MA, older Mexican American adults enrolled in Medicare FFS are more socioeconomically disadvantaged and more likely to demonstrate poor health status. Stronger social support and increased physical limitations were strongly associated with less frequent switching from FFS to MA plans. Additionally, increased availability of MA plans at the county level is a significant driver of enrollment in MA plans. }, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Among Mexican American older adults, FFS enrollees were more likely to be born in Mexico, speak Spanish, have lower levels of education, and have more disability than MA enrollees. Older adults with a larger number of limitations of instrumental activities of daily living (odds ratio [OR] = .50; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .26‐.98) and more social support (OR = .70; 95% CI = .45‐.98) were less likely to switch from FFS to MA compared with older adults with no limitations and less social support. Additionally, older adults living in counties with a greater number of MA plans were more likely to switch from FFS to MA (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.45‐3.16), compared with counties with a lower number of MA plans. In counties with a higher number of MA plans, older adults with more social support had lower odds of switching from FFS to MA (OR = .48; 95% CI = .28‐.82) compared with older adults with less social support.Compared with those enrolled in MA, older Mexican American adults enrolled in Medicare FFS are more socioeconomically disadvantaged and more likely to demonstrate poor health status. Stronger social support and increased physical limitations were strongly associated with less frequent switching from FFS to MA plans. Additionally, increased availability of MA plans at the county level is a significant driver of enrollment in MA plans. |
Camplain, Ricky; Camplain, Carolyn; II, Robert Trotter T; Pro, George; Sabo, Samantha; Eaves, Emery; Peoples, Marie; Baldwin, Julie A Racial/Ethnic Differences in Drug- and Alcohol-Related Arrest Outcomes in a Southwest County From 2009 to 2018 Journal Article American Journal of Public Health, 110 (S1), pp. 585-592, 2020. @article{Camplain2020, title = {Racial/Ethnic Differences in Drug- and Alcohol-Related Arrest Outcomes in a Southwest County From 2009 to 2018}, author = {Ricky Camplain and Carolyn Camplain and Robert T. Trotter II and George Pro and Samantha Sabo and Emery Eaves and Marie Peoples and Julie A. Baldwin}, url = {https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305409}, doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2019.305409}, year = {2020}, date = {2020-01-22}, journal = {American Journal of Public Health}, volume = {110}, number = {S1}, pages = {585-592}, abstract = {Among misdemeanor drug- and alcohol-related arrests, American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.32, 3.90), Latino (AOR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.35, 1.73), and Black persons (AOR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.05, 1.55) were more likely than White persons to be booked into jail as opposed to cited and released. AI/AN (AOR = 10.77; 95% CI = 9.40, 12.35), Latino (AOR = 2.63; 95% CI = 2.12, 3.28), and Black persons (AOR = 1.84; 95% CI = 1.19, 2.84) also were more likely than White persons to be convicted and serve time for their misdemeanor charges. Results were similar for felony drug- and alcohol-related arrests aggregated and stratified. Conclusions. Our results suggest that race/ethnicity is associated with outcomes in drug-related arrests and that overrepresentation of racial/ethnic minorities in the criminal justice system cannot be attributed to greater use of drugs and alcohol in general. More than 60% of criminal justice–involved individuals are racial/ethnic minorities, even though these groups make up just 30% of the US population.1,2 Black, Latino, and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) persons are more likely to be incarcerated compared with White persons,1–3 and police interactions among racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to result in arrest, even after accounting for arrest decision-making by police.4 Of more than 10.5 million arrests made across the United States in 2017, 15% were drug-related, and 9% involved driving while intoxicated with alcohol.5 The War on Drugs has been credited with creating policies that significantly contribute to racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in drug arrests,6 further embedding racial/ethnic disparities within the criminal justice system. Racial/ethnic minorities continue to be more likely than White individuals to be incarcerated for nonviolent substance-related offenses7,8 and imprisoned for drug charges.9 With regard to alcohol, racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to experience negative consequences, such as arrest and detainment for drinking, potentially because of perceived racial discrimination and racial/ethnic stigma.10 The Southwest United States, for example, has a long history of overrepresentation of AI/AN persons in the justice system2 specifically for alcohol-related offenses,11 yet AI/AN people in the Southwest have higher alcohol abstention rates than in the general population.12 Importantly, inherent bias toward AI/AN persons by law enforcement has been reported in towns that are in close proximity to tribal nations (i.e., border towns),13 presumably a more common occurrence than on tribal lands or in non–border towns. However, research on criminal justice outcomes among AI/AN individuals is limited. Although it is clear that racial/ethnic minorities are overrepresented in the criminal justice system, it is less clear how outcomes at different points of interactions with the criminal justice system, including entry into the system, prosecution and pretrial services, adjudication, sentencing and sanctions, and corrections,14 differ by race/ethnicity, specifically for drug- and alcohol-related offenses. Thus, we aimed to estimate the association between race/ethnicity and arrest outcomes among individuals arrested for drug- or alcohol-related reasons in a rural Southwest US county (the county) from 2009 to 2018.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Among misdemeanor drug- and alcohol-related arrests, American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.32, 3.90), Latino (AOR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.35, 1.73), and Black persons (AOR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.05, 1.55) were more likely than White persons to be booked into jail as opposed to cited and released. AI/AN (AOR = 10.77; 95% CI = 9.40, 12.35), Latino (AOR = 2.63; 95% CI = 2.12, 3.28), and Black persons (AOR = 1.84; 95% CI = 1.19, 2.84) also were more likely than White persons to be convicted and serve time for their misdemeanor charges. Results were similar for felony drug- and alcohol-related arrests aggregated and stratified. Conclusions. Our results suggest that race/ethnicity is associated with outcomes in drug-related arrests and that overrepresentation of racial/ethnic minorities in the criminal justice system cannot be attributed to greater use of drugs and alcohol in general. More than 60% of criminal justice–involved individuals are racial/ethnic minorities, even though these groups make up just 30% of the US population.1,2 Black, Latino, and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) persons are more likely to be incarcerated compared with White persons,1–3 and police interactions among racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to result in arrest, even after accounting for arrest decision-making by police.4 Of more than 10.5 million arrests made across the United States in 2017, 15% were drug-related, and 9% involved driving while intoxicated with alcohol.5 The War on Drugs has been credited with creating policies that significantly contribute to racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in drug arrests,6 further embedding racial/ethnic disparities within the criminal justice system. Racial/ethnic minorities continue to be more likely than White individuals to be incarcerated for nonviolent substance-related offenses7,8 and imprisoned for drug charges.9 With regard to alcohol, racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to experience negative consequences, such as arrest and detainment for drinking, potentially because of perceived racial discrimination and racial/ethnic stigma.10 The Southwest United States, for example, has a long history of overrepresentation of AI/AN persons in the justice system2 specifically for alcohol-related offenses,11 yet AI/AN people in the Southwest have higher alcohol abstention rates than in the general population.12 Importantly, inherent bias toward AI/AN persons by law enforcement has been reported in towns that are in close proximity to tribal nations (i.e., border towns),13 presumably a more common occurrence than on tribal lands or in non–border towns. However, research on criminal justice outcomes among AI/AN individuals is limited. Although it is clear that racial/ethnic minorities are overrepresented in the criminal justice system, it is less clear how outcomes at different points of interactions with the criminal justice system, including entry into the system, prosecution and pretrial services, adjudication, sentencing and sanctions, and corrections,14 differ by race/ethnicity, specifically for drug- and alcohol-related offenses. Thus, we aimed to estimate the association between race/ethnicity and arrest outcomes among individuals arrested for drug- or alcohol-related reasons in a rural Southwest US county (the county) from 2009 to 2018. |
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