NAU publications by CHER
Faculty & staff publications
NAU faculty and staff have the opportunity to publish their findings and knowledge as authors. CHER has many researchers that have been cited multiple times in major publications for their great work. The Center for Health Equity Research has accumulated all faculty publications into one, easy to navigate database.
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Valdez, Elizabeth Salerno; Sabo, Samantha; Butler, Matthew; Camplain, Ricky; Simpson, Rosi; Castro, Yara Perinatal Depression Symptom Prevalence on the U.S.–Mexico Border Journal Article Journal of Rural Mental Health, 43 (1), pp. 38-44, 2019. @article{Valdez2019, title = {Perinatal Depression Symptom Prevalence on the U.S.–Mexico Border}, author = {Elizabeth Salerno Valdez and Samantha Sabo and Matthew Butler and Ricky Camplain and Rosi Simpson and Yara Castro}, editor = {PhD James L. Werth}, url = {https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2019-06780-004?doi=1}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-01}, journal = {Journal of Rural Mental Health}, volume = {43}, number = {1}, pages = {38-44}, abstract = {At the U.S.–Mexico border, immigration policies have been documented to exacerbate health inequities among immigrant communities. We examined the prevalence of perinatal depressive symptomatology among Mexican-origin mothers living on the U.S.–Mexico border. Data for 1,629 pre- and postnatal women were drawn from a Community Health Worker Home Visiting Program from 2008 to 2016. Participants were screened for perinatal depressive symptomatology using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Prevalence and associated 95% confidence intervals for prenatal and postnatal depression scores were estimated among women with prenatal depression scores only, postnatal depression scores only, and among women with both prenatal and postnatal scores by year and by participant characteristics. Participants were predominantly Mexican, Spanish-speaking, unmarried, with less than high school education, and with an annual income of less than $15,000. Prenatal and postnatal EPDS scores indicating low risk for depression (i.e., 0–5) ranged from 59.4% to 64.8% and 62.2% to 71.9%, respectively. Moderate risk prenatal and postnatal EPDS scores (i.e., 6–12) ranged from 28.6% to 32.1% and 22.8% to 25.6%, respectively. High-risk prenatal and postnatal EPDS scores (i.e., ≥13) ranged from 6.6% to 8.5% and 5.3% to 12.3%, respectively. In the context of a proliferation of anti-immigrant policies that jeopardize social determinants of maternal well-being, we observed a sustained upward trend in mean EPDS scores. U.S.–Mexico border women may be at particular risk for discrimination, stress, and victimization because of U.S. immigration and border security policies. This brief report generates a baseline prevalence of perinatal depressive symptomatology among women of Mexican origin and offers public health research explanations for maternal mental well-being at the U.S.–Mexico border. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } At the U.S.–Mexico border, immigration policies have been documented to exacerbate health inequities among immigrant communities. We examined the prevalence of perinatal depressive symptomatology among Mexican-origin mothers living on the U.S.–Mexico border. Data for 1,629 pre- and postnatal women were drawn from a Community Health Worker Home Visiting Program from 2008 to 2016. Participants were screened for perinatal depressive symptomatology using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Prevalence and associated 95% confidence intervals for prenatal and postnatal depression scores were estimated among women with prenatal depression scores only, postnatal depression scores only, and among women with both prenatal and postnatal scores by year and by participant characteristics. Participants were predominantly Mexican, Spanish-speaking, unmarried, with less than high school education, and with an annual income of less than $15,000. Prenatal and postnatal EPDS scores indicating low risk for depression (i.e., 0–5) ranged from 59.4% to 64.8% and 62.2% to 71.9%, respectively. Moderate risk prenatal and postnatal EPDS scores (i.e., 6–12) ranged from 28.6% to 32.1% and 22.8% to 25.6%, respectively. High-risk prenatal and postnatal EPDS scores (i.e., ≥13) ranged from 6.6% to 8.5% and 5.3% to 12.3%, respectively. In the context of a proliferation of anti-immigrant policies that jeopardize social determinants of maternal well-being, we observed a sustained upward trend in mean EPDS scores. U.S.–Mexico border women may be at particular risk for discrimination, stress, and victimization because of U.S. immigration and border security policies. This brief report generates a baseline prevalence of perinatal depressive symptomatology among women of Mexican origin and offers public health research explanations for maternal mental well-being at the U.S.–Mexico border. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved) |
Sabo, Samantha; Allen, Caitlin G; Sutkowi, Katherine; Wennerstrom, Ashley Community health workers in the United States: Challenges in identifying, surveying, and supporting the workforce Journal Article American Journal of Public Health, 107 (12), pp. 1964-1969, 2017. @article{Sabo2017, title = {Community health workers in the United States: Challenges in identifying, surveying, and supporting the workforce}, author = {Samantha Sabo and Caitlin G Allen and Katherine Sutkowi and Ashley Wennerstrom}, url = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304096}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-11-08}, journal = {American Journal of Public Health}, volume = {107}, number = {12}, pages = {1964-1969}, abstract = {Community health workers (CHWs) are members of a growing profession in the United States. Studying this dynamic labor force is challenging, in part because its members have more than 100 different job titles. The demand for timely, accurate information about CHWs is increasing as the profession gains recognition for its ability to improve health outcomes and reduce costs. Although numerous surveys of CHWs have been conducted, the field lacks well-delineated methods for gaining access to this hard-to-identify workforce. We outline methods for surveying CHWs and promising approaches to engage the workforce and other stakeholders in conducting local, state, and national studies. We also highlight successful strategies to overcome challenges in CHW surveys and future directions for surveying the field.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Community health workers (CHWs) are members of a growing profession in the United States. Studying this dynamic labor force is challenging, in part because its members have more than 100 different job titles. The demand for timely, accurate information about CHWs is increasing as the profession gains recognition for its ability to improve health outcomes and reduce costs. Although numerous surveys of CHWs have been conducted, the field lacks well-delineated methods for gaining access to this hard-to-identify workforce. We outline methods for surveying CHWs and promising approaches to engage the workforce and other stakeholders in conducting local, state, and national studies. We also highlight successful strategies to overcome challenges in CHW surveys and future directions for surveying the field. |
Reinschmidt, Kerstin M; Ingram, Maia; Morales, Stephanie; Sabo, Samantha; Blackburn, John; Murrieta, Lucy; David, Cassalyn; Carvajal, Scott C Documenting community health worker roles in primary care: Contributions to evidence-based integration into health care teams, 2015 Journal Article Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 40 (4), pp. 305-315, 2017. @article{Reinschmidt2017, title = {Documenting community health worker roles in primary care: Contributions to evidence-based integration into health care teams, 2015}, author = {Kerstin M Reinschmidt and Maia Ingram and Stephanie Morales and Samantha Sabo and John Blackburn and Lucy Murrieta and Cassalyn David and Scott C Carvajal}, url = {https://journals.lww.com/ambulatorycaremanagement/Fulltext/2017/10000/Documenting_Community_Health_Worker_Roles_in.11.aspx}, doi = {10.1097/JAC.0000000000000178}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-10-01}, journal = {Journal of Ambulatory Care Management}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {305-315}, abstract = {The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act provided community health workers (CHWs) with new opportunities, and current efforts develop evidence-based guidelines for CHW integration into clinical teams. This qualitative study documents CHW roles and activities in 3 federally qualified health care centers in southern Arizona. Community health worker clinical roles, activities, and integration varied by health center and were in flux. Integration included complementary roles, scheduled and everyday communications with team members, and documentation in the electronic health records. These findings contribute to evidence-based guidelines for CHW integration into clinical teams that are critical to maximizing CHW contributions to patient health improvements.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act provided community health workers (CHWs) with new opportunities, and current efforts develop evidence-based guidelines for CHW integration into clinical teams. This qualitative study documents CHW roles and activities in 3 federally qualified health care centers in southern Arizona. Community health worker clinical roles, activities, and integration varied by health center and were in flux. Integration included complementary roles, scheduled and everyday communications with team members, and documentation in the electronic health records. These findings contribute to evidence-based guidelines for CHW integration into clinical teams that are critical to maximizing CHW contributions to patient health improvements. |
Ingram, Maia; Doubleday, Kevin; Bell, Melanie L; Lohr, Abby; Murrieta, Lucy; Velasco, Maria; Blackburn, John; Sabo, Samantha; de Zapien, Jill Guernsey; Carvajal, Scott C Community health worker impact on chronic disease outcomes within primary care examined using electronic health records Journal Article American Journal of Public health, 107 (10), pp. 1668-1674, 2017. @article{Ingram2017b, title = {Community health worker impact on chronic disease outcomes within primary care examined using electronic health records}, author = {Maia Ingram and Kevin Doubleday and Melanie L Bell and Abby Lohr and Lucy Murrieta and Maria Velasco and John Blackburn and Samantha Sabo and Jill Guernsey de Zapien and Scott C Carvajal}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28817321}, doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2017.303934}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-09-13}, journal = {American Journal of Public health}, volume = {107}, number = {10}, pages = {1668-1674}, abstract = {Objectives. To investigate community health worker (CHW) effects on chronic disease outcomes using electronic health records (EHRs). Methods. We examined EHRs of 32 147 patients at risk for chronic disease during 2012 to 2015. Variables included contact with clinic-based CHWs, vitals, and laboratory tests. We estimated a mixed model for all outcomes. Results. Within-group findings showed statistically significant improvements in chronic disease indicators after exposure to CHWs. In health center 1, HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) decreased 0.15 millimoles per mole (95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.24, −0.06), body mass index decreased 0.29 kilograms per meter squared (CI = –0.39, −0.20), and total cholesterol decreased 11.9 milligrams per deciliter (CI = −13.5, −10.2). In health center 2, HbA1c decreased 0.43 millimoles per mole (CI = –0.7, −0.17), body mass index decreased by 0.08 kilograms per meter squared (CI = −0.14, −0.02), and triglycerides decreased by 22.50 milligrams per deciliter (CI = −39.0, −6.0). Total cholesterol of 3.62 milligrams per deciliter (CI = −6.6, −0.6) in health center 1 was the only improvement tied to CHW contact. Conclusions. Although patients’ chronic disease indicators consistently improved, between-group models provided no additional evidence of impact. EHRs’ evolution may elucidate CHW contributions moving forward.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Objectives. To investigate community health worker (CHW) effects on chronic disease outcomes using electronic health records (EHRs). Methods. We examined EHRs of 32 147 patients at risk for chronic disease during 2012 to 2015. Variables included contact with clinic-based CHWs, vitals, and laboratory tests. We estimated a mixed model for all outcomes. Results. Within-group findings showed statistically significant improvements in chronic disease indicators after exposure to CHWs. In health center 1, HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) decreased 0.15 millimoles per mole (95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.24, −0.06), body mass index decreased 0.29 kilograms per meter squared (CI = –0.39, −0.20), and total cholesterol decreased 11.9 milligrams per deciliter (CI = −13.5, −10.2). In health center 2, HbA1c decreased 0.43 millimoles per mole (CI = –0.7, −0.17), body mass index decreased by 0.08 kilograms per meter squared (CI = −0.14, −0.02), and triglycerides decreased by 22.50 milligrams per deciliter (CI = −39.0, −6.0). Total cholesterol of 3.62 milligrams per deciliter (CI = −6.6, −0.6) in health center 1 was the only improvement tied to CHW contact. Conclusions. Although patients’ chronic disease indicators consistently improved, between-group models provided no additional evidence of impact. EHRs’ evolution may elucidate CHW contributions moving forward. |
2019 |
Valdez, Elizabeth Salerno; Sabo, Samantha; Butler, Matthew; Camplain, Ricky; Simpson, Rosi; Castro, Yara Perinatal Depression Symptom Prevalence on the U.S.–Mexico Border Journal Article Journal of Rural Mental Health, 43 (1), pp. 38-44, 2019. @article{Valdez2019, title = {Perinatal Depression Symptom Prevalence on the U.S.–Mexico Border}, author = {Elizabeth Salerno Valdez and Samantha Sabo and Matthew Butler and Ricky Camplain and Rosi Simpson and Yara Castro}, editor = {PhD James L. Werth}, url = {https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2019-06780-004?doi=1}, year = {2019}, date = {2019-01-01}, journal = {Journal of Rural Mental Health}, volume = {43}, number = {1}, pages = {38-44}, abstract = {At the U.S.–Mexico border, immigration policies have been documented to exacerbate health inequities among immigrant communities. We examined the prevalence of perinatal depressive symptomatology among Mexican-origin mothers living on the U.S.–Mexico border. Data for 1,629 pre- and postnatal women were drawn from a Community Health Worker Home Visiting Program from 2008 to 2016. Participants were screened for perinatal depressive symptomatology using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Prevalence and associated 95% confidence intervals for prenatal and postnatal depression scores were estimated among women with prenatal depression scores only, postnatal depression scores only, and among women with both prenatal and postnatal scores by year and by participant characteristics. Participants were predominantly Mexican, Spanish-speaking, unmarried, with less than high school education, and with an annual income of less than $15,000. Prenatal and postnatal EPDS scores indicating low risk for depression (i.e., 0–5) ranged from 59.4% to 64.8% and 62.2% to 71.9%, respectively. Moderate risk prenatal and postnatal EPDS scores (i.e., 6–12) ranged from 28.6% to 32.1% and 22.8% to 25.6%, respectively. High-risk prenatal and postnatal EPDS scores (i.e., ≥13) ranged from 6.6% to 8.5% and 5.3% to 12.3%, respectively. In the context of a proliferation of anti-immigrant policies that jeopardize social determinants of maternal well-being, we observed a sustained upward trend in mean EPDS scores. U.S.–Mexico border women may be at particular risk for discrimination, stress, and victimization because of U.S. immigration and border security policies. This brief report generates a baseline prevalence of perinatal depressive symptomatology among women of Mexican origin and offers public health research explanations for maternal mental well-being at the U.S.–Mexico border. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } At the U.S.–Mexico border, immigration policies have been documented to exacerbate health inequities among immigrant communities. We examined the prevalence of perinatal depressive symptomatology among Mexican-origin mothers living on the U.S.–Mexico border. Data for 1,629 pre- and postnatal women were drawn from a Community Health Worker Home Visiting Program from 2008 to 2016. Participants were screened for perinatal depressive symptomatology using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Prevalence and associated 95% confidence intervals for prenatal and postnatal depression scores were estimated among women with prenatal depression scores only, postnatal depression scores only, and among women with both prenatal and postnatal scores by year and by participant characteristics. Participants were predominantly Mexican, Spanish-speaking, unmarried, with less than high school education, and with an annual income of less than $15,000. Prenatal and postnatal EPDS scores indicating low risk for depression (i.e., 0–5) ranged from 59.4% to 64.8% and 62.2% to 71.9%, respectively. Moderate risk prenatal and postnatal EPDS scores (i.e., 6–12) ranged from 28.6% to 32.1% and 22.8% to 25.6%, respectively. High-risk prenatal and postnatal EPDS scores (i.e., ≥13) ranged from 6.6% to 8.5% and 5.3% to 12.3%, respectively. In the context of a proliferation of anti-immigrant policies that jeopardize social determinants of maternal well-being, we observed a sustained upward trend in mean EPDS scores. U.S.–Mexico border women may be at particular risk for discrimination, stress, and victimization because of U.S. immigration and border security policies. This brief report generates a baseline prevalence of perinatal depressive symptomatology among women of Mexican origin and offers public health research explanations for maternal mental well-being at the U.S.–Mexico border. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved) |
2017 |
Sabo, Samantha; Allen, Caitlin G; Sutkowi, Katherine; Wennerstrom, Ashley Community health workers in the United States: Challenges in identifying, surveying, and supporting the workforce Journal Article American Journal of Public Health, 107 (12), pp. 1964-1969, 2017. @article{Sabo2017, title = {Community health workers in the United States: Challenges in identifying, surveying, and supporting the workforce}, author = {Samantha Sabo and Caitlin G Allen and Katherine Sutkowi and Ashley Wennerstrom}, url = {https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2017.304096}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-11-08}, journal = {American Journal of Public Health}, volume = {107}, number = {12}, pages = {1964-1969}, abstract = {Community health workers (CHWs) are members of a growing profession in the United States. Studying this dynamic labor force is challenging, in part because its members have more than 100 different job titles. The demand for timely, accurate information about CHWs is increasing as the profession gains recognition for its ability to improve health outcomes and reduce costs. Although numerous surveys of CHWs have been conducted, the field lacks well-delineated methods for gaining access to this hard-to-identify workforce. We outline methods for surveying CHWs and promising approaches to engage the workforce and other stakeholders in conducting local, state, and national studies. We also highlight successful strategies to overcome challenges in CHW surveys and future directions for surveying the field.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Community health workers (CHWs) are members of a growing profession in the United States. Studying this dynamic labor force is challenging, in part because its members have more than 100 different job titles. The demand for timely, accurate information about CHWs is increasing as the profession gains recognition for its ability to improve health outcomes and reduce costs. Although numerous surveys of CHWs have been conducted, the field lacks well-delineated methods for gaining access to this hard-to-identify workforce. We outline methods for surveying CHWs and promising approaches to engage the workforce and other stakeholders in conducting local, state, and national studies. We also highlight successful strategies to overcome challenges in CHW surveys and future directions for surveying the field. |
Reinschmidt, Kerstin M; Ingram, Maia; Morales, Stephanie; Sabo, Samantha; Blackburn, John; Murrieta, Lucy; David, Cassalyn; Carvajal, Scott C Documenting community health worker roles in primary care: Contributions to evidence-based integration into health care teams, 2015 Journal Article Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 40 (4), pp. 305-315, 2017. @article{Reinschmidt2017, title = {Documenting community health worker roles in primary care: Contributions to evidence-based integration into health care teams, 2015}, author = {Kerstin M Reinschmidt and Maia Ingram and Stephanie Morales and Samantha Sabo and John Blackburn and Lucy Murrieta and Cassalyn David and Scott C Carvajal}, url = {https://journals.lww.com/ambulatorycaremanagement/Fulltext/2017/10000/Documenting_Community_Health_Worker_Roles_in.11.aspx}, doi = {10.1097/JAC.0000000000000178}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-10-01}, journal = {Journal of Ambulatory Care Management}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, pages = {305-315}, abstract = {The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act provided community health workers (CHWs) with new opportunities, and current efforts develop evidence-based guidelines for CHW integration into clinical teams. This qualitative study documents CHW roles and activities in 3 federally qualified health care centers in southern Arizona. Community health worker clinical roles, activities, and integration varied by health center and were in flux. Integration included complementary roles, scheduled and everyday communications with team members, and documentation in the electronic health records. These findings contribute to evidence-based guidelines for CHW integration into clinical teams that are critical to maximizing CHW contributions to patient health improvements.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act provided community health workers (CHWs) with new opportunities, and current efforts develop evidence-based guidelines for CHW integration into clinical teams. This qualitative study documents CHW roles and activities in 3 federally qualified health care centers in southern Arizona. Community health worker clinical roles, activities, and integration varied by health center and were in flux. Integration included complementary roles, scheduled and everyday communications with team members, and documentation in the electronic health records. These findings contribute to evidence-based guidelines for CHW integration into clinical teams that are critical to maximizing CHW contributions to patient health improvements. |
Ingram, Maia; Doubleday, Kevin; Bell, Melanie L; Lohr, Abby; Murrieta, Lucy; Velasco, Maria; Blackburn, John; Sabo, Samantha; de Zapien, Jill Guernsey; Carvajal, Scott C Community health worker impact on chronic disease outcomes within primary care examined using electronic health records Journal Article American Journal of Public health, 107 (10), pp. 1668-1674, 2017. @article{Ingram2017b, title = {Community health worker impact on chronic disease outcomes within primary care examined using electronic health records}, author = {Maia Ingram and Kevin Doubleday and Melanie L Bell and Abby Lohr and Lucy Murrieta and Maria Velasco and John Blackburn and Samantha Sabo and Jill Guernsey de Zapien and Scott C Carvajal}, url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28817321}, doi = {10.2105/AJPH.2017.303934}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-09-13}, journal = {American Journal of Public health}, volume = {107}, number = {10}, pages = {1668-1674}, abstract = {Objectives. To investigate community health worker (CHW) effects on chronic disease outcomes using electronic health records (EHRs). Methods. We examined EHRs of 32 147 patients at risk for chronic disease during 2012 to 2015. Variables included contact with clinic-based CHWs, vitals, and laboratory tests. We estimated a mixed model for all outcomes. Results. Within-group findings showed statistically significant improvements in chronic disease indicators after exposure to CHWs. In health center 1, HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) decreased 0.15 millimoles per mole (95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.24, −0.06), body mass index decreased 0.29 kilograms per meter squared (CI = –0.39, −0.20), and total cholesterol decreased 11.9 milligrams per deciliter (CI = −13.5, −10.2). In health center 2, HbA1c decreased 0.43 millimoles per mole (CI = –0.7, −0.17), body mass index decreased by 0.08 kilograms per meter squared (CI = −0.14, −0.02), and triglycerides decreased by 22.50 milligrams per deciliter (CI = −39.0, −6.0). Total cholesterol of 3.62 milligrams per deciliter (CI = −6.6, −0.6) in health center 1 was the only improvement tied to CHW contact. Conclusions. Although patients’ chronic disease indicators consistently improved, between-group models provided no additional evidence of impact. EHRs’ evolution may elucidate CHW contributions moving forward.}, keywords = {}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Objectives. To investigate community health worker (CHW) effects on chronic disease outcomes using electronic health records (EHRs). Methods. We examined EHRs of 32 147 patients at risk for chronic disease during 2012 to 2015. Variables included contact with clinic-based CHWs, vitals, and laboratory tests. We estimated a mixed model for all outcomes. Results. Within-group findings showed statistically significant improvements in chronic disease indicators after exposure to CHWs. In health center 1, HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) decreased 0.15 millimoles per mole (95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.24, −0.06), body mass index decreased 0.29 kilograms per meter squared (CI = –0.39, −0.20), and total cholesterol decreased 11.9 milligrams per deciliter (CI = −13.5, −10.2). In health center 2, HbA1c decreased 0.43 millimoles per mole (CI = –0.7, −0.17), body mass index decreased by 0.08 kilograms per meter squared (CI = −0.14, −0.02), and triglycerides decreased by 22.50 milligrams per deciliter (CI = −39.0, −6.0). Total cholesterol of 3.62 milligrams per deciliter (CI = −6.6, −0.6) in health center 1 was the only improvement tied to CHW contact. Conclusions. Although patients’ chronic disease indicators consistently improved, between-group models provided no additional evidence of impact. EHRs’ evolution may elucidate CHW contributions moving forward. |